« Previous
Next »
Journal of Electrocardiology
Volume 43, Issue 2
, Pages 91-103
, March 2010
Electrocardiographic classification of acute coronary syndromes: a review by a committee of the International Society for Holter and Non-Invasive Electrocardiology
References
- AHA/ACCF/HRS recommendations for the standardization and interpretation of the electrocardiogram: part VI: acute ischemia/infarction a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society Endorsed by the International Society for Computerized Electrocardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:1003
- ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction; a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines (committee to revise the 1999 guidelines for the management of patients with acute myocardial infarction). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44:E1
- Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of non–ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. The task force for the diagnosis and treatment of non–ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2007;28:1598
- . Characterization of the unstable lesion by angiography, angioscopy, and intravascular ultrasound. Cardiol Clin. 1999;17:295
- Detecting and differentiating white from red coronary thrombus by angiography in angina pectoris and in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1999;83:94
- . Distinguishing characteristics of erythrocyte-rich and platelet-rich thrombus by intravascular ultrasound catheter system. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2007;24:233
- . The declining prevalence of ST elevation myocardial infarction in patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes. Heart. 2005;91:1121
- . Myocardial infarction redefined—a consensus document of the joint European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology committee for the redefinition of myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 2000;21:1502
- ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for the management of patients with unstable angina and non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction—summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines (committee on the management of patients with unstable angina). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40:1366
- STEMI and NSTEMI: are they so different? 1 year outcomes in acute myocardial infarction as defined by the ESC/ACC definition (the OPERA registry). Eur Heart J. 2007;28:1409
- Quality of care by classification of myocardial infarction: treatment patterns for ST-segment elevation vs. non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:1630
- Abortion of acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction after reperfusion: incidence, patients' characteristics, and prognosis. Heart. 2003;89:496
- . Electrocardiography of acute myocardial ischaemic syndromes. London, UK: Martin Dunitz Ltd.; 1999;
- In: Wellens HJJ, Gorgels APM, Doevendans PA editor. The ECG in acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina. 1st ed. Norwell, Massachusetts, USA: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 2003;
- . Electrocardiography in ischemic heart disease: clinical and imaging correlations and prognostic implications. Blackwell Publishing; 2007;
- . Regional systems of care for patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: being at the right place at the right time. Circulation. 2007;116:689
- ACC/AHA clinical competence statement on electrocardiography and ambulatory electrocardiography: a report of the ACC/AHA/ACP-ASIM task force on clinical competence (ACC/AHA committee to develop a clinical competence statement on electrocardiography and ambulatory electrocardiography) endorsed by the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology. Circulation. 2001;104:3169
- Improvement of the detection of myocardial ischemia thanks to information technologies. Int J Cardiol. 2006;
- . Zur analyse der electrokardiogramms. Wien klin Wchnschr. 1909;22:1091
- . Sequential electrocardiographic changes following auricular injury. Am Heart J. 1953;46:830
- Electrocardiographic atrial complex and acute atrial myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1973;31:450
- Mechanism and time course of the early electrical changes during acute coronary artery occlusion. An attempt to correlate the early ECG changes in man to the cellular electrophysiology in the pig. Chest. 1980;77:499
- Transient alterations of the QRS complex and ST segment during percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Am J Cardiol. 1988;62:1038
- . Electrocardiogram of acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction: the significance of the various “scores”. J Electrocardiol. 2005;38:113
- . Interpreting electrocardiograms using basic principles and vector concepts. New York: Marcel Dekker; 2001;
- . An electrocardiographic sign of coronary artery obstruction. Arch Intern Med. 1920;26:244
- Variant” angina: one aspect of a continuous spectrum of vasospastic myocardial ischemia. pathogenetic mechanisms, estimated incidence and clinical and coronary arteriographic findings in 138 patients. Am J Cardiol. 1978;42:1019
- In: Katz AM editors. Physiology of the heart. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA, USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006;
- . Grossman's cardiac catheterization, angiography and intervention. 6th ed.. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2001;
- Effects of global ischemia on the diastolic properties of the left ventricle in the conscious dog. Circulation. 1985;71:610
- Simultaneous assessment of left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction during pacing-induced ischemia. Circulation. 1985;71:889
- ECG repolarization waves: their genesis and clinical implications. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2005;10:211
- AHA/ACCF/HRS recommendations for the standardization and interpretation of the electrocardiogram: part IV: the ST segment, T and U waves, and the QT interval: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society. Endorsed by the International Society for Computerized Electrocardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:982
- Prolongation of the QTc interval is seen uniformly during early transmural ischemia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:1299
- . The ligation of coronary arteries with electrocardiographic study. Arch Intern Med. 1918;22:8
- The prominent T wave: electrocardiographic differential diagnosis. Am J Emerg Med. 2002;20:243
- Holter ECG study of the electrocardiographic phenomena in Prinzmetal angina attacks with emphasis on the study of ventricular arrhythmias. J Electrocardiol. 1985;18:267
- Transient giant negative T wave in acute anterior myocardial infarction predicts R wave recovery and preservation of left ventricular function. Heart. 1996;75:229
- The prognostic implications of negative T waves in the leads with ST segment elevation on admission in acute myocardial infarction. Cardiology. 1999;92:121
- Electrocardiographic diagnosis of reperfusion during thrombolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1995;75:1206
- . Prominent precordial T waves as an expression of coronary insufficiency. Am J Cardiol. 1965;16:195
- . Pseudonormalization of T-waves during coronary angioplasty. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 1987;13:191
- Normalization of abnormal T waves in ischemia. Arch Intern Med. 1976;136:391
- ST-depression with negative T waves in leads V4-V5—a marker of severe coronary artery disease in non–ST elevation acute coronary syndrome: a prospective study of angina at rest, with troponin, clinical, electrocardiographic, and angiographic correlation. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2004;9:207
- Electrocardiographic T-wave inversion: differential diagnosis in the chest pain patient. Am J Emerg Med. 2002;20:252
- The electrocardiogram window of opportunity to treat vs. the different evolving stages of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: correlation with therapeutic approach, coronary anatomy, and outcome in the DANAMI-2 trial. Eur Heart J. 2007;28:2985
- . The electrocardiogram in ST elevation acute myocardial infarction: correlation with coronary anatomy and prognosis. Postgrad Med J. 2003;79:490
- Value of electrocardiographic algorithm based on “ups and downs” of ST in assessment of a culprit artery in evolving inferior wall acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2004;94:709
- . Use of the electrocardiogram in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:933
- . The value of the right precordial leads of the electrocardiogram. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:381
- Universal definition of myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 2007;28:2525
- . The recognition of strictly posterior myocardial infarction by conventional scalar electrocardiography. Circulation. 1964;30:706
- A new terminology for left ventricular walls and location of myocardial infarcts that present Q wave based on the standard of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: a statement for healthcare professionals from a committee appointed by the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiography. Circulation. 2006;114:1755
- Prognostic significance of precordial ST segment depression on admission electrocardiogram in patients with inferior wall myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;28:313
- Importance of posterior chest leads in patients with suspected myocardial infarction, but nondiagnostic, routine 12-lead electrocardiogram. Am J Cardiol. 1999;83:323
- Ischemic ST segment depression in leads V2-V3 as the presenting electrocardiographic feature of posterolateral wall myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 1987;113:1085
- Electrocardiographic classification of acute myocardial ischemia. Isr J Med Sci. 1990;26:525
- . Grade 3 ischemia on presentation with acute myocardial infarction predicts rapid progression of necrosis and less myocardial salvage with thrombolysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37:115A
- Acute anterior wall myocardial infarction presenting with positive T waves and without ST segment shift. electrocardiographic features and angiographic correlation. Chest. 1989;95:1211
- . Certain clinical states and pathologic changes associated with deeply inverted T waves in the precordial electrocardiogram. Circulation. 1955;11:517
- . Characteristic electrocardiographic pattern indicating a critical stenosis high in left anterior descending coronary artery in patients admitted because of impending myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 1982;103(4 Pt 2):730
- Angiographic and clinical characteristics of patients with unstable angina showing an ECG pattern indicating critical narrowing of the proximal LAD coronary artery. Am Heart J. 1989;117:657
- Reversal of segmental hypokinesis by coronary angioplasty in patients with unstable angina, persistent T wave inversion, and left anterior descending coronary artery stenosis. additional evidence for myocardial stunning in humans. Circulation. 1990;82:913
- . Subendocardial infarction; report of six cases and critical survey of the literature. Circulation. 1950;1:246
- Unstable angina: ST segment depression with positive versus negative T wave deflections—clinical course, ECG evolution, and angiographic correlation. Am Heart J. 1988;116:933
- Clinical presentation and prognosis of left main coronary artery disease in the 1980s. Eur Heart J. 1991;12:495
- . The ECG in a mechanical obstruction of the ostium of the left main coronary artery. Int J Cardiol. 2002;86:327
- . Images in cardiovascular medicine. functional left main coronary artery obstruction due to aortic dissection. Circulation. 1998;98:278
- . Acute total occlusion of the left main coronary artery with emphasis on electrocardiographic manifestations. TT Top Med Cardiovasc Dis. 2007;11:
- . Coronary insufficiency and myocardial necrosis due to acute hemorrhage. J Mt Sinai Hosp. 1940;7:26
- . A case of subendocardial infarction. Br Heart J. 1943;5:134
- . The electrocardiographic effects of injury at the endocardial surface of the left ventricle. Am Heart J. 1946;31:677
- . Electrocardiographic changes in acute subendocardial infarction. I. Large subendocardial and large nontransmural infarcts. Circulation. 1958;18(4 Part 1):603
- Quantitative analysis of the admission electrocardiogram identifies patients with unstable coronary artery disease who benefit the most from early invasive treatment. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:905
- Extent of ST-segment depression and cardiac events in non–ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2005;26:2106
- Usefulness of ST depression with T-wave inversion in leads V(4) to V(6) for predicting one-year mortality in non–ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (from the electrocardiographic analysis of the global use of strategies to open occluded coronary arteries IIB trial). Am J Cardiol. 2007;99:934
- Value of the electrocardiogram in diagnosing the number of severely narrowed coronary arteries in rest angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol. 1993;72:999
- Predictors of left main or three-vessel disease in patients who have acute coronary syndromes with non–ST-segment elevation. Am J Cardiol. 2005;95:1366
- Prognostic value of lead aVR in patients with a first non–ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2003;108:814
- Prediction of acute left main coronary artery obstruction by 12-lead electrocardiography. ST segment elevation in lead aVR with less ST segment elevation in lead V(1). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38:1348
- Value of the electrocardiogram in localizing the occlusion site in the left anterior descending coronary artery in acute anterior myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;34:389
- Inferior wall acute myocardial infarction with one-lead ST-segment elevation: electrocardiographic distinction between a benign and a malignant clinical course. Coron Artery Dis. 1995;6:875
- . Angina pectoris, coronary failure and myocardial infarction. The role of coronary occlusions and collateral circulation. JAMA. 1941;116:91
- Persistent ST segment depression in precordial leads V5-V6 after Q-wave anterior wall myocardial infarction is associated with restrictive physiology of the left ventricle. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;35:352
- . Exercise and the heart. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co.; 2000;
- . Coronary artery spasm of different degrees as cause of angina at rest with ST segment depression and elevation. Br Heart J. 1979;42:110
- Transient reduction of regional myocardial perfusion during angina at rest with ST-segment depression or normalization of negative T waves. Circulation. 1981;63:1238
- Are there differences among patients with inferior acute myocardial infarction with ST depression in leads V2 and V3 and positive versus negative T waves in these leads on admission?. Cardiology. 1998;90:295
- Prognostic value of the admission electrocardiogram in acute coronary syndromes. JAMA. 1999;281:707
- Four-year survival of patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation and prognostic significance of 0.5-mm ST-segment depression. Am J Cardiol. 1999;84:379
- . Resting U wave inversion as a marker of stenosis of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Am J Med. 1980;69:545
- . Negative U wave: a highly specific but poorly understood sign of heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 1982;49:2030
- Behar, S., et al. ACSIS 2004. Acute coronary syndromes—Israel 2004. 2005;242:13.
- Enoxaparin prevents death and cardiac ischemic events in unstable angina/non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. Results of the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) 11B trial. Circulation. 1999;100:1593
- In: Bayés de Luna A editors. Clinical electrocardiography: a textbook. Armonk, NY, USA: Futura Publishing Company, Inc.; 1998;
☆ Dr Clemmensen has research contracts and serves as consultant to Medtronic Inc. Dr Wagner has research grants or contracts from Medtronic Inc and Welch Allyn.
PII: S0022-0736(09)00282-9
doi: 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2009.07.009
© 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
« Previous
Next »
Journal of Electrocardiology
Volume 43, Issue 2
, Pages 91-103
, March 2010
