The elusive U wave: a simple explanation of its genesis

References 

1. Einthoven W. Le télécardiogramme. Arch Internat Physiol. 1906;4:132
2. Hoffman BF, Cranefield PF. Electrophysiology of the Heart. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1960;
3. Antzelevitch C, Sicouri S. Clinical relevance of cardiac arrhythmias generated by afterdepolarisations. Role of M cells in the generation of U waves, triggered activity and torsades de pointes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994;23:259
   • Abstract
   • Full-Text PDF (2882 KB)
   • CrossRef
4. Di Bernardo D, Murray A. Origin on the electrocardiogram of U-waves and abnormal U-wave inversion. Cardiovasc Res. 2002;53:202
   • MEDLINE
   • CrossRef
5. Surawicz B. U wave (Facts, hypotheses, misconceptions, and misnomers). J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 1998;9:1117
   • MEDLINE
   • CrossRef
6. Wu J, Wu J, Zipes DP. Early afterdepolarisations, U waves, and Torsade de Pointes. Circulation. 2002;105:675
7. Wohlfart B. A simple model for demonstration of ST-T changes in ECG. Eur Heart J. 1987;9:409
8. Van Dam RTh, Janse MJ. Activation of the heart. In:  Macfarlane PW,  Lawrie TDV editor. Comprehensive Electrocardiology. New York, NY: Pergamon; 1989;p. 101
9. Drouin E, Charpentier F, Gauthier C, et al.  Electrophysiological characteristics of cells spanning the left ventricular wall of human heart (Evidence for the presence of M cells). J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;26:185
   • Abstract
   • Full-Text PDF (725 KB)
   • CrossRef
10. Plonsey R. Action potential sources and their volume conductor fields. Proc IEEE. 1977;65:601
11. Burger HC, Van Milaan JB. Heart-vector and leads. Brit Heart J. 1946;8:157
12. Burger HC, Van Milaan JB. Heart-vector and leads. Part II. Brit Heart J. 1947;9:154
13. Burger HC, Van Milaan JB. Heart-vector and leads. Part III. Brit Heart J. 1948;10:229
14. Einthoven W. The different forms of the human electrocardiogram and their signification. Lancet. 1912;30:853
15. Watanabe Y. Purkinje repolarization as a possible cause of the U wave in the electrocardiogram. Circulation. 1975;51:1030
    • MEDLINE
16. Lepeschkin E. Physiologic basis of the U wave. In:  Schlant RC,  Hurst JW editor. Advances in Electrocardiography. New York, NY: Grune & Stratton; 1972;p. 431
17. Nesterenko VV, Antzelevitch C. Simulation of the electrocardiographic U wave in heterogeneous myocardium (Effect of local junctional resistance). Proc Computers in Cardiology. Los Alamitos: IEEE Comput Soc Press; 1992; p 43
18. Yan G, Antzelevitch C. Cellular basis for the normal T wave and the electrocardiographic manifestations of the long-QT syndrome. Circulation. 1998;98:1928
    • MEDLINE
19. Ritsema van Eck HJ. Fiducial segment averaging to improve cardiac interval estimates. J Electrocardiol. 2002;35(suppl):89
    • Abstract
    • Full-Text PDF (108 KB)
    • CrossRef
20. Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products (CPMP) . Points to consider: the assessment of the potential for QT interval prolongation by non-cardiovascular medicinal products. Report CPMP/987/96. London: CPMP; 1997;
21. Fenichel R, Koerner J. Development of drug that alter ventricular repolarization. Washington: Report Food and Drug Administration Center for Drug Evaluation and Research; 1999;